A TCP Half Open Scan determines if a port is open by performing the first half of a three-way handshake. Identity and Access Management is the security discipline that enables the right individuals to access the right resources at the right times for the right reasons. employees, customers, and visitors) are safeguarded from any kind of malicious attack. The Data Transfer Device (DTD) is an electronic fill device designed to replace the existing family of common electronic fill devices. A Payload is the actual application data a packet contains. Link-state routers exchange messages to allow each router to learn the entire network topology. Grooming is the act of cyber criminals who use the Internet to manipulate and gain trust of a minor as a first step towards the future sexual abuse, production or exposure of that minor. An intranet is a organisation's private network. "A proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor with the ability to detect the presence of a target within a specified range. The netmask screen out the network part of an IP address so that only the host computer part of the address remains. A successful Denial of Service attack can cripple any entity that relies on its online presence by rendering their site virtually useless. It is used as a screen of numbers used for routing traffic within a subnet. Asymmetric Key Cryptography, also known as Public key cryptography, is an cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys which may be disseminated widely, and private keys which are known only to the owner. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. A database is a systematic collection and organization of information so that information can be easily stored, retrieved, and edited for future use. A Business Continuity Plan, also known as business emergency plan, offers safeguards against a disaster, and outlines the strategies, action plan on how to continue business as usual in the event of any disaster. Examples of some events are clicking of a mouse button or pressing the key. Pharming is achieved by corrupting a DNS server to steer the URL to the IP address of the pseudo website instead of the real IP address. A data asset is any entity that is comprised of data; for example, a database is an example of a data asset. Such an individual has complete control over data, and can limit the access of data to people and assign permissions. Source: CNSSI 4009. Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications. Reverse engineering is the process of extracting any kind of sensitive information by disassembling and analyzing the design of a system component. In database management system (RDBMS) terminology, access path refers to the path chosen by the system to retrieve data after a SQL request is executed. It evaluates the possible risk to tangible and intangible assets such as personal, infrastructure, data and goodwill. Dividing an Ethernet into multiple segments is one of the most common ways of increasing available bandwidth on the LAN. Internet Service Provider is the company through which an individual or organization receives access to the internet. Usually using a combination of technologies such as deep packet inspection, threat reputation, and advanced malware analysis, it provides enterprises with a proactive approach to security. However, if a UDP packet is sent to a port that is not open, the system will respond with an ICMP port unreachable message. OSINT (Open source threat intelligence) is data collected from publicly available Web sources such as social media, blogs, news publications, and forums. An extranet is an extension of a company's intranet to include systems outside the company. Using XML other languages such as RSS and MathML have been created, even tools like XSLT were created using XML. This model is designed to … All the incoming HTTP requests are handled by the proxy (back-end webservers), so the proxy can then send the content to the end-user. In addition to the traditional viruses, other common types include worms and Trojan horses. Each ACL contains a list of access control entries (ACE) that specifies which users or system processes are granted access, denied access or are audited for a securable object. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, hash sums, or simply hashes. C2 Infrastructure Data consists of domains, IP addresses, protocol signatures, email addresses, payment card data, etc. Part of risk management and synonymous with risk assessment. Role based access control (RBAC) assigns users to roles based on their organizational functions and determines authorization based on those roles. In case of distance vector protocols, the fact that these protocols route by rumor and have a slow convergence time can cause routing loops. It includes risk assessment; cost-benefit analysis; the selection, implementation, and assessment of security controls; and the formal authorization to operate the system. Continuous Process is a process that operates on the basis of continuous flow, as opposed to batch, intermittent, or sequenced operations. It is a way of specifying the location of publicly available information on the Internet. Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source. Malware “the bad guy” An umbrella term that describes all forms of malicious software designed to … Socket Secure (SOCKS) is an Internet protocol that routes data packets between a client and server. A WHOIS is a protocol used for query and response of a database. Ultimately, it aims to guide the system or organization towards its goals. Terms of Reference; Navigation menu National Cybersecurity Strategies ... ENISA contributes to EU cyber policy, enhances the trustworthiness of ICT products, services and processes with cybersecurity certification schemes, cooperates with Member States and EU bodies, and helps Europe prepare for the cyber … An electronic key management system is an Interoperable collection of systems being developed by services and agencies of the U.S. government to automate the planning, ordering, generating, distributing, storing, filling, using, and destroying of electronic key and management of other types of COMSEC material. Confidentiality ensures that rules are set that places restrictions on access to, or sharing of information with the aim of preserving and protecting the privacy of the information. Source: CNSSI 4009-2015 (NIST SP 800-34 Rev. "Maintenance is any act of preventing malfunction of equipment or restoring its operating capability. A guard that has two basic functional capabilities:  a Message Guard and a Directory Guard. Many computers have hard disk drives with only a single partition but others have multiple partitions so that an OS can manage information in each region separately. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a password-based authentication protocol used by Point to Point Protocol (PTP) to validate users. MAC addresses are generally used as a network address for most IEEE 8 2 network technologies (Ethernet, WiFi). Data disclosure is a breach where where it is confirmed that data is disclosed to an unauthorized party. It involves the identification and prioritization of risks due to defined threats, the implementation of countermeasures respond to threats, and assesses enterprise performance against threats and adjusts countermeasures as necessary. A windowing system doesn't just manage the windows but also other forms of graphical user interface entities. This process encrypts data into code, or decipher the code to a required key. Statements of security capability to: (i) build in additional, but related, functionality to a security control; and/or (ii) increase the strength of the control. This helps to maintain security and recover any lost data. Crimeware refers to any malware that's used to compromise systems such as servers and desktops - the majority of these incidents start through web activity, not links or attachments in email. A zombie is a malware program that can be used by a black hat cracker to remotely take control of a system, which is then used as a zombie drone for further attacks (e.g. Key logger is a program designed to record which keys are pressed on a computer keyboard used to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures. Promote the availability of data for authorized use. The name associated with a particular computer user. The EAC is a trusted partner in this important endeavor. It analyses the passing traffic on the entire subnet, and matches the traffic that is passed on the subnets to the library of known attacks. After IOCs have been identified in a process of incident response and computer forensics, they can be used for early detection of future attack attempts using intrusion detection systems and antivirus software. A Data Owner is an executive entrusted with the data accuracy and integrity in an organization. A system or application output file, database, document, or Web page are also considered data assets. Computer fraud is a computer crime that an intruder commits to obtain money or something of value from a company. As opposed to hackers who can be internet security internet experts to hire vulnerabilities in systems, crackers has the malicious intent to do damage for criminal gain. Insure. Race conditions can occur in electronics systems, especially logic circuits, and in computer software, especially multithreaded or distributed programs. This technique was originally used for rerouting traffic in IP networks without renumbering every host. A test methodology that assumes no knowledge of the internal structure and implementation detail of the assessment object. A war dialer is a computer program that automatically dials a series of telephone numbers to locate lines connected to computer systems, and catalogs those numbers so that a cracker or attacker can try to break into the systems. When the selected security countermeasures are planned for implementation into the system, the system’s supply chain, and the system’s development environments, the risk is reassessed. Enterprise architecture also describes how they are operated to support the enterprise mission, and how they contribute to the enterprise's overall security posture. The connections between the vertices form a baseball diamond shape. is the common name for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA) symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block. Press Tab key to navigate through navigation items Or press Esc key to exit the main navigation. Network mapping is the study of physical connectivity of networks. to 1 .255.255.255 (1 /8 prefix) 172.16. . Null sessions are one of the most commonly used methods for network exploration employed by hackers. Compromise of security that leads to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to protected information. Electronic Key Entry is the entry of cryptographic keys into a cryptographic module using electronic methods such as a smart card or a key-loading device. Management controls is the security controls (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) for an information system that focus on the management of risk and the management of information security. A declaration of conformity is a confirmation issued by the supplier of a product that specified requirements have been met. A share is any resource that has been made public on a system or network, such as a directory or printer. Root is the account that has access to all commands and files on a Linux or Unix operating system. There is still, however, no single point of reference … The supplier's account is then debited with the disputed amount. Data packets pass through bridges, routers, and gateways on the way. Backup site that includes phone systems with the phone lines already connected. Criticality Analysis is evaluating the importance of an asset or information to an organization; and the effects its failure would have on the overall performance of the organization. The name is derived from the term demilitarised zone. Source: FIPS 200 (Adapted from CNSSI 4009-2015). For example, in software, installation process abides by the vendor license agreement. Trunking is a method for a system to provide network access to many clients by sharing a set of lines instead of providing them individually. When the challenge is solved with a private key operation, access is then allowed. The Global Information Grid (GIG) is an all-encompassing communications project of the United States Department of Defense. CRC refers to a cyclic redundancy check. A pressure regulator is a device used to control the pressure of a gas or liquid. The policy also sets guidelines on how the network should be used. A Chief Security Officer is an executive of the company with assigned responsibility to protect assets such as the infrastructure, personnel, including information in digital and physical form. A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream. A hash function can be considered to be a fingerprint of the file or message. A host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) is an intrusion detection system that monitors and analyses information from the operating system audit records occurring on the host.This analysis of the audit trail forces significant overhead requirements on the system due to the increased amount of processing power which must be utilized by the intrusion detection system. OSI layer is a physical layers that conveys the bit stream, electrical impulse, light, or radio signal through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. CYBER SECURITY COMMITTEE: TERMS OF REFERENCE . These are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A User contingency plan is the alternative methods of continuing business operations if IT systems are unavailable. The attacker often uses port scanning, for example, to discover any vulnerable ports. A Solenoid valve is a valve actuated by an electric coil. High Assurance Guard is an enclave boundary protection device that controls access between a local area network that an enterprise system has a requirement to protect, and an external network that is outside the control of the enterprise system, with a high degree of assurance. Once a packet has arrived at a gateway or connection point with its unique network number, it can be routed to its destination within the internal gateways using the subnet number. Windowing is the process of taking a small subset of a larger dataset for processing and analysis. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original channels on the receiver end. SSH is a UNIX-based command interface and protocol used to log into another computer over a network, to execute commands in a remote machine, and to move files from one machine to another. Cipher Text is data converted from plain text into code using algorithm, making it unreadable without the key. An exploitable channel is a channel that allows the violation of the security policy governing an information system and is usable or detectable by subjects external to the trusted computing base. Next Generation Firewall is an integrated network platform that combines a traditional firewall with other network device filtering functionalities such as an application firewall using in speed integrated network platform that performs deep inspection of traffic and blocking of attacks. The private key is used to compute a digital signature that may be verified using the corresponding public key. In this attack, the attacker guesses or observes which websites the group often uses and infects one or more of them with malware. In effect, advertising the fact that there routes are not reachable. The purpose of a server is to share data or hardware and software resources, hence allowing for the provision of services and data within a network. A high impact system is an information system in which at least one security objective (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, or availability) is assigned a FIPS 199 potential impact value of high. A security control is the management, operational, and technical control (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) prescribed for an information system to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system and its information. Threat Intelligence Information about specific impending attacks against the organization and is initially consumed by higher level security. Network ingress filtering is a commonly used packet filtering technique by many Internet service providers to prevent any source address deceiving. A chronological record of information system activities, including records of system accesses and operations performed in a given period. Entrapment is the deliberate planting of flaws in an information system to detect attempted penetrations. The control centre is an equipment structure from which a process is measured, controlled, and/or monitored. Telnet is a TCP-based, application-layer, Internet Standard protocol and an essential TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers. Remote diagnostics refers to diagnostics activities conducted by individuals communicating externally to an information system security perimeter. An attempt to gain unauthorized access to system services, resources, or information, or an attempt to compromise system integrity, availability, or confidentiality. It is an encryption and decryption key that is randomly generated to ensure the security of a communications session between a user and another computer or between two computers. The majority of viruses do not contain a payload; they simply replicate. exclusive . A controlled variable is the variable that the control system attempts to keep at the set point value. Triple wrapped describes any data that has been signed with a digital signature, encrypted, and then signed again is called triple-wrapped. It is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Applications Now Available for City Colleges of Chicago’s New Cyber Security … OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and is an ISO standard for worldwide communications. They sometimes work in tandem to do maximum damage (Blended Threat). Trusted ports are ports below number 1 24 usually allowed to be opened by the root user. See also Blacklisting Software and Whitelisting Software. A hot wash is a debrief conducted immediately after an exercise or test with the staff and participants. A system or an algorithm to encrypt plain text to secret code or cipher text to protect the privacy of information stored. Once installed, the attacker gains privileged access. A control system is a system in which deliberate guidance or manipulation is used to achieve a prescribed value for a variable. A Public Key is the publicly-disclosed component of a pair of cryptographic keys used for asymmetric cryptography. IP forwarding is an OS option that allows a host to act as a router. Photo eye is a light sensitive sensor utilizing photoelectric control that converts a light signal into an electrical signal, ultimately producing a binary signal based on an interruption of a light beam. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. MAC addresses are used in the media access control protocol sub-layer of the OSI reference model. The Cyber Security on a whole is a very broad term but is based on three fundamental concepts known as “ The CIA Triad “. Forensic copy is an accurate bit-for-bit reproduction of the information contained on an electronic device or associated media, whose validity and integrity has been verified using an accepted algorithm. Cybersecurity glossary provides the knowledge and insights of the cybersecurity industry’s significant and commonly used terms and definitions. Tamper is an action to deliberately change or alter a system's logic, data, or control information to cause the system to perform unauthorized functions or services. Configuration control is a process for controlling modifications to hardware, firmware, software, and documentation to ensure the information system is protected against improper modifications before, during, and after system implementation. Penetration testing is also called pen testing. An incremental backup provides a backup of only those files that have changed, modified, or are new since the last backup. A banner is a display on an information system that sets the parameters for system or data use. A meeting with international law experts at the Munich Security Conference recently highlighted the need for greater norms development in cyberspace. A Syslog is a widely used standard for message logging facility in Unix systems. Innovative research and data collection fuels the EAC’s mission to improve voter experience and support election administrators. GitHub is a a web based graphical interface for website and mobile collaboration. An unprotected share is a mechanism that allows a user to connect to file systems and printers on other systems. HUMINT (human intelligence) is intelligence gathered by means of interpersonal contact; a category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources. In addition, it offers steps needed to recover from any such disasters. Preserve the integrity of data. An easter egg is undocumented, non malicious, accessible to anyone, and entertaining. A declaration issued by an interested party that specified requirements have been met. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Sending packets or requests to another system to gain information to be used in a subsequent attack. The typical uses include power transmission and distribution and pipeline systems. A script is a file containing active content such as commands or instructions that are executed by the computer. A UDP Scan performs scans to determine which UDP ports are open or vulnerable. A protocol is used to define messages over the fieldbus network with each message identifying a particular sensor on the network. An insider is an entity inside the security perimeter that is authorized to access system resources but uses them in a way not approved by those who granted the authorization. CYBER SECURITY COMMITTEE: TERMS OF REFERENCE (approved 22 January 2019) 1. A Data Encryption Standard is a form of algorithm to convert plain text to a cipher text. In this document, entropy is stated in bits. Unix is a popular multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970's. A guard system is a mechanism limiting the exchange of information between information systems or subsystems. This becomes a bug when events don't happen in the order the programmer planned. These vertices represent an Adversary, Capability, Infrastructure, and Victim. Also called as Castle approach, it is based on the principle that in the event of an attack, even if one layer fails to protect the information resource other layers can offer defense against the attack. spam emails, Denial of Service attacks), without a user’s knowledge. Traceroute is a tool the maps the route a packet takes from the local machine to a remote destination. Network taps are hardware devices that help in accessing the data flow across a computer network. With the increase in complexities of networks, automated network mapping has become more popular. Banner grabbing is the process of grabbing banner information such as the application type and version. Get Nearest Server is a request packet sent by a client on an IPX network to locate the nearest active server of a particular type. Stimulus is network traffic that initiates a connection or solicits a response. Incremental backups are often desirable as they consume minimum storage and are quicker to perform than differential backups. An encryption system protects the privacy of data exchanged by a website and the individual user. It aims to protect the interests of the organization by protecting assets of the organization, and the interests of the creditors, customers. The CAUDIT Cybersecurity Community of Practice (CoP) serves as both a strategic and functional vehicle. A blended threat is a computer network attack that tries to maximize the severity of damage by combining various attack methods. 1). The process involves an active analysis of the system for any potential vulnerabilities from improper system configuration, or operational weaknesses in process or technical countermeasures. An unauthorized person gains access to a network and stays there undetected for a long period of time, with an intention to steal data rather than to cause direct damage to the network. Security attributes may be represented as hierarchical levels, bits in a bit map, or numbers. It is a solution that converges endpoint device security functionality into a single product that delivers antivirus, anti-spyware and security. Source: CNSSI 4009-2015 (NIST SP 800-61 Rev. The use of mathematical techniques to provide security services such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication. 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