248. 56. 12. 204. And yet this very need for religion reveals a man for what he is: a being created by God and tending always toward God. Every nation has its own genius, its own qualities, springing from the hidden roots of its being. The Participation of Workers in the Economy as a Whole. 73. 28. The State and other agencies of public law must not extend their ownership beyond what is clearly required by considerations of the common good properly understood, and even then there must be safeguards. (36). It is a work which demands a capacity for orientation and adaptation, patient waiting, a sense of responsibility, and a spirit of perseverance and enterprise. Mater et Magistra (llatí per a «Mare i Mestra») és una encíclica escrita pel papa Joan XXIII sobre el tema del cristianisme i progrés social. With regard to private property, Our Predecessor reaffirmed its origin in natural law, and enlarged upon its social aspect and the obligations of ownership. (31) Allocutio, 8 Oct. 1956; cf. Such action would, moreover, have harmful impact on international relations, and constitute a menace to world peace. And it is the natural right of the workers to work without hindrance, freely, and on their own initiative within these associations for the achievement of these ends. 76. We shall return shortly to the question of the family farm. "Lay not up to yourselves treasures on earth; where the rust and moth consume and where thieves break through and steal. Seldom have the words of a Pontiff met with such universal acclaim. It taught that the state must sometimes intervene in matters of health care, 148. 222. He is not therefore permitted to use certain ways and means which are allowable in the propagation of plant and animal life. In agriculture the existence of two forms of insurance may be necessary: one concerned with agricultural produce, the other with the farm workers and their families. In the field of science, technology and economics we have the discovery of nuclear energy, and its application first to the purposes of war and later, increasingly, to peaceful ends; the practically limitless possibilities of chemistry in the production of synthetic materials; the growth of automation in industry and public services; the modernization of agriculture; the easing of communications, especially by radio and television; Faster transportation and the initial conquest of interplanetary space. We must also express here Our heartfelt appreciation of the work that is being done by the International Labor Organizationâpopularly known in various countries as the O.I.L. Ideally, such price protection should be enforced by the interested parties themselves, though supervision by the public authority cannot be altogether dispensed with. 251. The Church has always emphasized that this obligation of helping those who are in misery and want should be felt most strongly by Catholics, in view of the fact that they are members of the Mystical Body of Christ. For men of this stamp are always in evidence, and, like cockle among the wheat, thrive in every land. Hence, as the Pope remarked so discerningly, "economic domination has taken the place of the open market. On this basic principle, which guarantees the sacred dignity of the individual, the Church constructs her social teaching. (11), 33. On the national level they include: employment of the greatest possible number of workers; care lest privileged classes arise, even among the workers; maintenance of equilibrium between wages and prices; the need to make goods and services accessible to the greatest number; elimination, or at least the restriction, of inequalities in the various branches of the economyâthat is, between agriculture, industry and services; creation of a proper balance between economic expansion and the development of social services, especially through the activity of public authorities; the best possible adjustment of the means of production to the progress of science and technology; seeing to it that the benefits which make possible a more human way of life will be available not merely to the present generation but to the coming generations as well. Experience has shown that where personal initiative is lacking, political tyranny ensues and, in addition, economic stagnation in the production of a wide range of consumer goods and of services of the material and spiritual orderâthose, namely, which are in a great measure dependent upon the exercise and stimulus of individual creative talent. Differences of opinion in the application of principles can sometimes arise even among sincere Catholics. making the assistance they give an excuse for forcing these people into their own national mold. 234. In such circumstances, they must, of course, bear themselves as Catholics and do nothing to compromise religion and morality. (39a) has undertaken to establish effective collaboration among nations, to promote the modernization of agriculture especially in less developed countries, and to alleviate the suffering of hunger-stricken peoples. (38). Let us be quite clear on this point. They must instill in them an unshakable confidence in Divine Providence and a determination to accept the inescapable sacrifices and hardships involved in so noble and important a task as the co-operation with God in the transmitting of human life and the bringing up of children. The demands of the common good on the international level include: the avoidance of all forms of unfair competition between the economies of different countries; the fostering of mutual collaboration and good will; and effective co-operation in the development of economically less advanced communities. The world had changed considerably in the previous 30 years both politically and economically. 112. How to say mater et magistra in English? Of special doctrinal and practical importance is his affirmation that "if the social and individual character of work be overlooked, it can be neither justly valued nor equitably recompensed." Yet at the same time, the divine Master frequently extends to the rich the insistent invitation to convert their material goods into spiritual ones by conferring them on the poor. 209. Above all, all human activity reveals an innate human desire for truth. Consequently, if the whole structure and organization of an economic system is such as to compromise human dignity, to lessen a man's sense of responsibility or rob him of opportunity for exercising personal initiative, then such a system, We maintain, is altogether unjustâno matter how much wealth it produces, or how justly and equitably such wealth is distributed. Hence there are those who hold the opinion that, in order to prevent a serious crisis from developing, the conception and birth of children should be secretly avoided, or, in any event, curbed in some way. This attitude is contagious, especially when it infects the work that is being done for the less developed countries, which have often preserved in their ancient traditions an acute and vital awareness of the more important human values, on which the moral order rests. (56) The man who is "light in the Lord" (57) and who walks as a "child of the light" (58) has a sure grasp of the fundamental demands of justice in all life's difficulties and complexities, obscured though they may be by so much individual, national and racial selfishness. 231. El seu títol fa referència al paper de l'Església. (52) God certainly has the right and power to command man to devote one day a week to his duty of worshipping the eternal Majesty. If they show themselves alive to the common good and contribute to its realizations, they can legitimately demand that their efforts for the improvement of agricultural conditions be seconded and complemented by public authority. Mercy and truth have met each other: justice and peace have kissed. It has been claimed that in an era of scientific and technical triumphs such as ours man can well afford to rely on his own powers, and construct a very good civilization without God. 5. [3], 1119 K Street 2nd Floor, Sacramento, CA 95814 It is equally important that the government take the proper steps regarding their training, taxation, credit, social security and insurance. This development in the social life of man is at once a symptom and a cause of the growing intervention of the State, even in matters which are of intimate concern to the individual, hence of great importance and not devoid of risk. But today's experience of so much disillusionment and bloodshed only goes to confirm those words of Scripture: "Unless the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it." Let men make all the technical and economic progress they can, there will be no peace nor justice in the world until they return to a sense of their dignity as creatures and sons of God, who is the first and final cause of all created being. For true Christians cannot help feeling obliged to improve their own temporal institutions and environment. There is no reason for such a doubt to persist. Moreover, in becoming as it were the life-blood of these people, the Church is not, nor does she consider herself to be, a foreign body in their midst. We therefore consider it Our duty to reaffirm that the remuneration of work is not something that can be left to the laws of the marketplace; nor should it be a decision left to the will of the more powerful. We would give Our special approval to the increasing assistance they are giving, in all sorts of ways, to African and Asian students scattered throughout the universities of Europe and America; and to the care that is being devoted to the training of those persons who are prepared to go to the less wealthy areas in order to engage in work of technical and professional nature. This has created considerable problems for public authorities, whose duty it is to see that the aims pursued by the leaders of the principal organizationsâespecially those which have an important part to play in the national economyâdo not conflict in any way with the interests of the common good. The title means "mother and teacher", referring to the role of the church. Especially inhuman were the working conditions to which women and children were sometimes subjected. 79. Her words re-echo those of the Psalmist of oldâwords which never fail to raise our fainting spirits and give us courage: "I will hear what the Lord God will speak in me: for he will speak peace unto his people. 75. When He said "I am the way, and the truth, and the life," (2) "I am the light of the world," (3) it was doubtless man's eternal salvation that was uppermost in His mind, but He showed His concern for the material welfare of His people when, seeing the hungry crowd of His followers, He was moved to exclaim: "I have compassion on the multitude." This policy is in fact being pursued with considerable success by several of the socially and economically advanced nations. They must take account of all those social conditions which favor the full development of human personality. Just as it is wrong to withdraw from the individual and commit to a community what private enterprise and industry can accomplish, so too it is an injustice, a grave evil and a disturbance of right order, for a larger and higher association to arrogate to itself functions which can be performed efficiently by smaller and lower societies. They can help themselves only in so far as they succeed in helping one another. In those country areas where they are lacking, economic and social progress is either prevented or greatly impeded, with the result that nothing can be done to retard the drift of population away from the land, and it even becomes difficult to make a good appraisal of the numbers involved. After all this scientific and technical progress, and even because of it, the problem remains: how to build up a new order of society based on a more balanced human relationship between political communities on a national and international level? Yet at the same time they should show themselves animated by a spirit of understanding and unselfishness, ready to cooperate loyally in achieving objects which are good in themselves, or can be turned to good. The Mater et Magistra dispute led to many ironic consequences. The wise development, the encouragement within limits, of that genius, those qualities, does no harm; and if a nation cares to take precautions, to lay down rules, for that end, it has the Church's approval. 153. And St. Paul insisted: "Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all to the glory of God." So much is clear. In conducting their human affairs to the best of their ability, they must recognize that they are doing a service to humanity, in intimate union with God through Christ, and to God's greater glory. Just as Jesus’ primary mission was humankind’s eternal salvation, He too fed the hungry and was concerned for worldly needs. It also puts into the hands of public authority a greater means for limiting fluctuations in the economy and for providing effective measures to prevent the recurrence of mass unemployment. Attention must then be turned to the need for worldwide co-operation among men, with a view to a fruitful and well-regulated interchange of useful knowledge, capital and manpower. But the Church teaches, too, that goods of this kind must be valued according to their true nature: as instruments used by man for the better attainment of his end. In their social and economic teaching they have frequent recourse to the Leonine Encyclical, either to draw inspiration from it and clarify its application, or to find in it a stimulus to Catholic action. 242. To His Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and all other Local Ordinaries that are at Peace and in Communion with the Apostolic See, and to the Clergy and Faithful of the entire Catholic World. There is also a further temptation which the economically developed nations must resist: that of giving technical and financial aid with a view to gaining control over the political situation in the poorer countries, and furthering their ownplans for world domination. And, with the right ordering of human society, may all nations at last enjoy true prosperity, happiness and peace. Similarly, Our Predecessor, Pius XII, rightly asserted that our age is marked by a clear contrast between the immense scientific and technical progress and the fearful human decline shown by "its monstrous masterpiece . The Church aims rather at securing that the institution of private property be such as it should be according to the plan of the divine Wisdom and the dispositions of Nature." 169. 237. And in other countries a notable percentage of income is absorbed in building up an ill-conceived national prestige, and vast sums are spent on armaments. 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