45 The scale of this system is almost beyond human imagining. The problem, however, was that these devices didn’t have interfaces that were well-suited for touch, and they were often clunkier and larger than the iPad. How does this happen? Case No 7906132 - Undercover Security officer Mike Mancini brings suspected thief Samantha Reigns into the backroom for questioning, but when she denies everything, he decides to send his partner, officer Wrex Oliver, to be undercover and pretend he’s also a thief to get Samantha to confess. There is much to be said about how this labelling process abrogates and crystallizes meaning, and further, how this process is driven by clickworkers being paid fractions of a cent for this digital piecework. It also established a few important precedents. The Salar, alongside the neighboring Atacama regions in Chile and Argentina, are major sites for lithium extraction. 1 (March 10, 2011): 1. Kate Davies and Liam Young, Tales from the Dark Side of the City: The Breastmilk of the Volcano Bolivia and the Atacama Desert Expedition (London: Unknown Fields, 2016). The world's biggest cloud computer company remains almost completely non-transparent about the energy footprint of its massive operations. With each interaction, Alexa is training to hear better, to interpret more precisely, to trigger actions that map to the user’s commands more accurately, and to build a more complete model of their preferences, habits and desires. The DeskJet wasn’t the first inkjet on the market, but with a $995 price tag, it was the first one many home PC users bought. By the early 1990s, having a pager became a status symbol, paving the way for more advanced communication devices like the two-way pager, the cellphone, and eventually the smartphone. Apple’s consumer-oriented portable—for its cool-factor as well as its technology—grew into a serious business. Amazon Mechanical Turk digital workshop emulates artificial intelligence systems by checking, assessing and correcting machine learning processes with human brainpower. In 1673, the Jesuit polymath, Athanasius Kircher, invented the statua citofonica – the ‘talking statue.’ Kircher was an extraordinary interdisciplinary scholar and inventor. Motorola’s Dynatac 8000x was the first truly portable cellphone when it launched in 1984. 31 Whatever happens next, the Rift, along with ebullient creator Palmer Luckey, will be remembered for reinvigorating the notion of strapping awkward-looking things to our faces in trade for the privilege of visiting persuasively real imaginary places. Typically, workers spend 9 to 10 months in the sea, often with long working shifts and without access to external communications. This map and essay will be on display there as part of the 'Artificially Intelligent' show from Sep 6 - Dec 31, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyvZ41XjUjY, https://nacla.org/news/bolivia-bets-state-run-lithium-industry, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/26/business/lithium-ion-battery-airline-safety.html, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-lithium-battery-future/, https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2017.1303425, https://www.cta.tech/News/Blog/Articles/2014/September/The-Life-Expectancy-of-Electronics.aspx, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR6231832016ENGLISH.PDF, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00035.x, http://time.com/money/5262923/amazon-employee-median-salary-jeff-bezos/, https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/corporate-responsibility/conflict-minerals-white-paper.html, https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/company/suppliers/supplier-sustainability/our-programs/conflict-minerals.html, http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/conflict-minerals?s=corp, https://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/pdf/Apple_SR_2018_Progress_Report.pdf, http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2017_en.pdf, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/09/shipping-pollution, http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/safety/Containers_Lost_at_Sea_-_2017_Update_FINAL_July_10.pdf, https://www.mining-technology.com/features/featurethe-false-monopoly-china-and-the-rare-earths-trade-4646712/, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/23/tin-mining-indonesia-bangka, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-23/the-deadly-tin-inside-your-smartphone, https://www.wired.com/2014/06/inside-amazon-warehouse/, http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=09280157, https://storage.googleapis.com/p4-production-content/international/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/35f0ac1a-clickclean2016-hires.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/yourmoney/25Stream.html, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/03/google-deepmind-16m-patient-royal-free-deal-data-protection-act. The “palm top” computer (get it?) But the infrastructure for Kircher’s system was prohibitively expensive – available only to the very few. The next larger triangle encompasses the processing of metals, and the next would represent the process of manufacturing components and so on. We live in the building my grandfather purchased in 1921. Marketing students now learn to avoid this deleterious “the Osborne effect.”. It presents a sleek surface with no ability to open it, repair it or change how it functions. You’d be hard pressed to name a single PlayStation feature that by itself transformed the games industry. Gadget reviewers even praised the phone more than 10 years after its launch for its long battery life and clear reception. 3 The damage is best seen from the air, as pockets of lush forest huddle amid huge swaths of barren orange earth. Each owes its influence to one model that changed the course of technology for good. “Responsible Minerals Sourcing,” Dell, 2018, http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/conflict-minerals?s=corp. The company’s executives had an unfortunate knack for prematurely announcing new products, leading would-be customers to hold off for the better version and thus depressing sales. Much to TV execs’ consternation, the TiVo let viewers of recorded programming breeze past commercials. A few years after a 2002 episode of Sex and the City revealed the electric neck massager’s cultish adoption as a vibrator, Hitachi dropped its brand from the device. The ultimate triangle in our map, the production of the Amazon Echo unit itself, includes all of these levels of exploitation – from the bottom to the very top of Amazon Inc, a role inhabited by Jeff Bezos as CEO of Amazon. The video begins, “Say hello to the all-new Echo” and explains that the Echo will connect to Alexa (the artificial intelligence agent) in order to “play music, call friends and family, control smart home devices, and more.” The device contains seven directional microphones, so the user can be heard at all times even when music is playing. 3 (December 1, 2015): 216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y. The jungles of Malaysia and Singapore were stripped, and by the early 1880s the palaquium gutta had vanished. 47, “...In that Empire, the Art of Cartography attained such Perfection that the map of a single Province occupied the entirety of a City, and the map of the Empire, the entirety of a Province. Eeeeeeerrrrrrroooooooahhhh ba dong ba dong ba dong psssssssssssh. This soft, silvery metal is currently used to power mobile connected devices, as a crucial material used for the production of lithium-Ion batteries. L.A. Times entertainment news from Hollywood including event coverage, celebrity gossip and deals. Second one is "The Empty Mirror: Experiences in a Japanese Zen Monastery". Looking from the perspective of deep time, we are extracting Earth’s history to serve a split second of technological time, in order to build devices than are often designed to be used for no more than a few years. While there are many good reasons to seek to improve public health, there is a real risk if it comes at the cost of a stealth privatization of public medical services. “Because Alexa is in the cloud, she is always getting smarter and adding new features.”. No game system has done more to illustrate the omni-generational appeal of interactive entertainment. Glass also showed the potential pitfalls of easily identifiable wearables, perhaps best proven by the coining of the term “Glassholes” for its early adopters. It wasn’t until President Bill Clinton decided in 2000 to fully open the network that it became a massive commerical success. 34 Their use peaked around 2001, as faster alternatives that carried data over cable lines arrived. That led to the birth of “IBM Compatibles,” the forerunner to almost all non-Apple PCs out there today. Think of the gear you can’t live without: The smartphone you constantly check. The 3210 is regarded to be the first phone with an internal antenna and the first to come with games like Snake preloaded. With Amazon Mechanical Turk, it may seem to users that an application is using advanced artificial intelligence to accomplish tasks. Our apartment is furnished with period mahogany furniture with french curves and polished brass inlay, and the walls are covered with period artwork. With the help from an electronic bracelet, the human worker is directed though warehouses the size of airplane hangars, filled with objects arranged in an opaque algorithmic order. If we look at the scale of average income for each activity in the production process of one device, which is shown on the left side of our map, we see the dramatic difference in income earned. The listening system could eavesdrop on everyday conversations in the piazza, and relay them to the 17th century Italian oligarchs. Philips, for example, has tens of thousands of different suppliers, each of which provides different components for their manufacturing processes. To date over one hundred and ninety-three film-, video- and sound-based works by fifty-five artists from the collection can be viewed in their entirety in the Online Collection Catalogue. Amnesty has documented children as young as 7 working in the mines. So in 1965, when the IBM System/360 mainframe rolled out, it only made sense that the Selectric’s keyboard served as the computer’s primary input device. The iBook’s brightly-colored, plastic trim may look dated now, but it was the first laptop to offer wireless networking. 1 (February 1, 2008): 34–50, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00035.x. Early pagers allowed users to send codes to one another, like 411 for “what’s going on” or 911 to indicate an emergency (for obvious reasons). Acknowledgements: Our deep thanks go to Michelle Thorne and Jon Rogers at the Mozilla Foundation, who invited us to a retreat in summer 2017 where we first conceptualized this project. Yet the material details of those costs remain vague in the social imagination. A chunky, somewhat dismal looking off-white object with garish cerise-colored buttons, Nintendo’s 1989 handheld invented the modern mobile game. After English scientist Michael Faraday published a study in The Philosophical Magazine in 1848 about the use of this material as an electrical insulator, gutta percha rapidly became the darling of the engineering world. Sometimes this labor is entirely unpaid, as in the case of the Google’s reCAPTCHA. 2016’s Oculus Rift virtual reality headset could wind up a total flop and we’d still grant Oculus a special place in computing history. Vandana Shiva, Protect or Plunder: Understanding Intellectual Property Rights (New York: Zed Books, 2001). But in 1971, PhoneMate’s 10-pound Model 400 was viewed as a glimpse of the future. In his lifetime he published forty major works across the fields of medicine, geology, comparative religion and music. The device comes in several styles, such as gunmetal grey or a basic beige, designed to either “blend in or stand out.” But even the shiny design options maintain a kind of blankness: nothing will alert the owner to the vast network that subtends and drives its interactive capacities. Over the 20 years following the product’s launch, HP sold more than 240 million printers in the DeskJet product line, outputting Christmas letters, household budgets, and book reports by the millions. Such unrestrained thirst for new resources and fields of cognitive exploitation has driven a search for ever deeper layers of data that can be used to quantify the human psyche, conscious and unconscious, private and public, idiosyncratic and general. 30 24 Though sex therapists and fans have extolled the Wand’s virtues by analogizing it to cars (the Cadillac, the Rolls Royce), it more closely resembles a microphone, with a white plastic shaft—the wand—and a vibrating head—presumably, the magic. Consumers are usually only able to see commodities in the here and now of time and space, and rarely have any opportunities to gaze backwards through the chains of production in order to gain knowledge about the sites of production, transformation, and distribution.” Why? The iPod simultaneously made piracy more appealing, by letting people carry their thousand-song libraries in their pockets, while also providing a lifeline to the flailing music industry with the iTunes Store, which eventually became the world’s biggest music retailer. Online shopping from a great selection at Digital Music Store. Hidden among the thousands of other publicly available patents owned by Amazon, U.S. patent number 9,280,157 represents an extraordinary illustration of worker alienation, a stark moment in the relationship between humans and machines. (Its predecessor, the 5810, required users to attach a headset in order to make calls.) Here, the worker becomes a part of a machinic ballet, held upright in a cage which dictates and constrains their movement. Technology, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/03/google-deepmind-16m-patient-royal-free-deal-data-protection-act. As a company, Makerbot’s future is uncertain. 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