Solution : (a) X is coal; Y is wax; Z is natural gas Question 31: Solution : (ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. C3H4 (d) Y is used for making graphite electrodes or carbon electrodes in dry cells. Name the salt X and gas Y. What is the Structure of an Ethane Molecule?. No, we would not be able to check the hardness of water by using a detergent because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water. Solution : Due to this sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft substance. First member: Ethyne Solution : (h) Carbon compounds have usually……………….. melting points and boiling points because they are……………… in nature. View Answer. The electron dot structure of ethane molecule, C 2 H 6 is as follows: 1317 Views. Z is ethyl ethanoate (c) Uses of ethanol: This incomplete combustion of wax produces small unburnt carbon particles. (a) C4H9COOC2H5; Ester How would you prove the presence of this gas ? (ii) Alcohol group Sodium hydrogencarbonate can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid. Solution : Question 30: Solution : Question 12: Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used ? (b) Write the electron-dot structure of A. Question 5: (b) Second member: C3H6 (i) Propanone Switch. (c) Give the names and structural formulae of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and one unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon. (a) What is compound A ? Write. (b) What is a detergent ? (a) Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted b ecause blackening of vessels show that the air holes of the gas stove are getting blocked and hence the fuel is not burning completely (due to insufficient supply of oxygen). H2SO4 ? Calculate the total valence electrons in the molecule. (e) Esters Carbon. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:266. (b) Draw the structure of chlorobutane. (c) Ethylbromide (b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (a) What is element X ? A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell. They are also known as alkanes. (i) Esters are used in making artificial flavours and essences. (l) The IUPAC name of acetylene is…………….. If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol. A solitary carbon atom has four electrons, two in the 2s orbital, and one in each of the 2\(p_x\) and … Solution : Each carbon atom in a graphite layer is joined to other three carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings. (f) B, Question 64: Write the name and chemical formula of the simplest organic acid. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane. Test. (b) Allotrope Y: Graphite (c) State whether allotrope Y is a good conductor or non-conductor of electricity. (a) The atomic number of chlorine is 17. (c) By how many carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms do any two adjacent homologues differ ? Question 19: Question 13: (c) Give any two differences between soaps and detergents. IUPAC name: methanal, Question 5: (c) Addition reactions are a characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons. (d) CH3OH; Methanol Question.29 Butanone is a four carbon per molecule compound. Solution : The six hydrogen atoms will each share their 1 electron with carbon to form six carbon - hydrogen covalent bonds. (a) Explain the term ‘isomers’. Alkynes: (e) What is meant by ‘heteroatom’? What does it show ? Only valence electrons. Solution : (c) 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms i.e. Activity: Take a boiling tube and put about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate in it. Write the electron-dot structure for the covalent compound ethane, C2H2 . (a) Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons (or alkanes). (b) A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. (b) The structure of graphite is very different from that of diamond. Give an example (with equation) of the substitution reaction of, an alkane. Ethene decolourises bromine water because ethene is an alkene. Solution : Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:263. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the cloth gets cleaned. Example: Ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) (d) CnH2n is the general formula of……………….. Solution : Question 59: (c) Alkene, CnH2n Q.5 Draw the electron dot structures for (a) ethanoic acid. (d) State any two uses of graphite. Solution : (a) Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the laboratory. (d) What is compound C ? Spell. (i) CH3COCH3 (ii) CH3COCH2CH3 Write the molecular formula of ethanol. They are quite unreactive hence they undergo substitution reaction with chlorine in presence of sunlight. (b) if B is an open chain compound Reaction: (c) What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid ? Question 48: (b) Red litmus paper turns blue in soap solution and no change occurs on blue litmus paper because soap is basic in nature. (c) CH4; Methane Solution : Question 14: Give the IUPAC name of the following compound : C 2 H 6 Solution : Ethane. (a) CH3COOH is a c arboxylic acid. (a) Element X : Carbon Hence, it is used in rock drilling equipments but graphite is soft and hence not used in rock drilling equipments. (c) propanone. To which homologous series does it belong ? (i) The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called………………………… (c) Propane Yes, current will flow through the circuit since graphite is a good conductor of electricity. Alcohol group; CH3—CH2—Br Isopentane and neopentane. (iii) Alcohol group Solution : (b) Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each. C2H4 and C3H4 will give addition reactions because these are unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkene and Alkyne) and unsaturated hydrocarbons give addition reactions. (a) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate. (g) Ethyne has…….. carbon-hydrogen single bonds. (a) Chloropropane, CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl Butanone is another member of this homologous series. (i) CH3COOH (ii) CH3CH2CHO (iii) C2H5OH (iv) CH3COCH2CH3 (ii) Butanone, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:240, Question 10: (iii) Sodium chloride (common salt). Solution : Question 62: (a) Methanoic acid: HCOOH An organic compound having the molecular formula C2H60 can exist in the form of two isomers A and B having different functional groups. Solution : Question 11: Alkanes burn in air to produce a lot of heat due to which they are known to be excellent fuels. (a) 20 hexagons (b) A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. What is the need to denature alcohol ? What are the raw materials required for making soap in a laboratory (or at home) ? (b) A mixture of ethyne (acetylene) and oxygen is burnt for welding. Lewis structure of ethane. Question: Write The Electron-dot Structure For The Covalent Compound Ethane, C2H2 . (b) Common salt is added to the mixture to make the soap come out of solution. (ii) Double bond: Ethene, CH2=CH2. This allows each halogen atom to have a noble gas electron configuration. Name two elements which exhibit the property of catenation. Question 24: (b) Propanol, CH3-CH2-CH2-OH Question 56: (iii) Carboxylic acid group (ii) CnH2n Give reasons for the following observations : On the other hand, ethane being an alkane is a saturated compound which does not decolourise bromine water. (a) What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide ? Solution : A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C2H402 turns blue litmus to red. NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:220, Question 1: (d) Which compound is added to alcohol to denature it ? Alkenes :C2H4, C3H6 Example: Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of finely divided nickel as catalyst to form ethane. (b) State two characteristics of a homologous series. How do synthetic diamonds differ from natural ones ? Write the structural formula of propyne. (c) What is the physical state of CH3COOH ? (d) F2. What are X, Y and Z ? C4H10; C5H8; C5H10 Solution : Question 37: Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is evolved in the reaction. Name one fuel which contains both these isomers. Solution : (a). Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. Which of the two is better for washing clothes when the water is hard : soap or detergent ? Solution : Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:265. (b) When materials X, Y and Z are burned separately : Describe one reaction of ethanol. (b) The next homologue of C2H5OH is………. ** The shape of methane is tetrahedral and all H-C-H bond angles are 109.5°. (b) Why is ethanol used as a fuel ? Write the molecular formula of : (i) an alkane (ii) an alkene, and (iii) an alkyne, each having 20 carbon atoms. Explain with an example. Carbon and its Compounds. Question 40: Question 35: Question 28: (b) A soap molecule has two parts: the long chain organic part and the ionic part containing the -COO–Na+ group. Question 9: Question 35: (i) Each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms. Why ? involved in detail. (c) What is compound B ? What type of functional group is present in this organic compound ? So, this experiment proves that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, then carbon dioxide gas is evolved. (b) Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol. The hydrocarbon ends of the soap attach to the oily dirt particles and entrap them at the centre of the micelle. Name the hardest natural substance known. (b) Why is diamond used for making cutting tools (like glass cutters) but graphite is not ? Solution : Question 25: Disadvantages of incomplete combustion: Why ? (d) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a COOH group. Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system : Question 22: (c) Dehydration reaction Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. This formation is called a micelle. Question 2: C2H6 (j) Alkenes (b) Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes : (ii) in terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule ? Being acid, it reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas. Question 37: (a) burn with a flame ? (d) Name the liquid Z. C C4H8O (iv) Ketone group Solution : False, Question 25: (e) Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules. Solution : Give the general formula of alkanes. Graphite is used for making pencil cores or ‘pencil leads’. (c) Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene. Molecular formula: C4H8, Question 68: Solution : (f) Graphite, Question 63: Solution : (c) when one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a CHO group. Question 15: Stir the mixture well and allow it to cool. Group B : Ethanol, Methanol, Ethanal, Ethanoic acid (a) Write the IUPAC name and common name of CH3CI Choose two compounds which can react in the presence of cone. A is ethanoic acid, CH3COOH Solution : Question 34: (ii) Ethylene (b) Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups : Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Question 36: (d) Which compound contains only single bonds ? (c) Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general formula CnH2n+2. Solution : C6H6, C6H10, C6H12, C6H14 Name two catalysts which can be used in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds. Question 4: Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:241. A hard material X which is mined from the earth is used as a household fuel and also for the generation of electricity at Thermal Power Stations. (b) Benzene: C6H6 Solution : Question 2: Nickel or palladium can be used as catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds. Delhi - 110058. Draw the electron-dot structure of a hydrogen chloride molecule: asked Aug 13, 2019 in Class X Science by muskan15 ( … Solution : Question 14: Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with cone. Conclusion. Give the name of each series. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: These are the ones in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond or a triple bond. Y is ethanoic acid Question 7: What causes these differences ? (c) Explain the cleansing action of soap. Complete and balance the following equations : pressure and temperature. Solution : Solution : Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5 is formed in the reaction. Solution : Molecular formula of ethene is C 2 H 4 electron dot structure of ethene CH 2 = CH 2 Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution. (c) Propanal; it belongs to homologous series of aldehydes. (a) Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group. Question 46: Question 66: Solution : Also state one disadvantage. Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place. (ii) Write the name and formula of organic compound formed. Solution : Question 37: Question 10: Solution : (c) C6H6; Question 33: (a) C6H12 Graphite: Describe a test for carboxylic acids. (b) Write the names of the following functional groups : Ethanol; C2H5OH, Question 20: (a) Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite. We can also represent the formula as a Lewis dot structure which shows us the distribution of atoms and electrons … Solution : (c) Why is soap not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard ? (b) Esters are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of conc. (b) Saturated Hydrocarbons: These are the ones in which the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds. Question 68: (c) Select the hydrocarbons which are members of the same homologous series. (iii) Which material can burn in a gas stove by producing a blue flame ? What is the common name of : (a) methanoic acid, and (b) ethanoic acid ? (ii) Alkene, Question 7: Write the IUPAC names of the following : (b) What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues ? (d) Write the electron-dot structure of B. (a) What is the atomic number of carbon. (d) Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers. (a) (i) CnH2n+2 What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms ? Write the structural formula of propene. 14. H2SO4 at 170oC. (a) Liquid X is ethanoic acid; it belongs to homologous series of carboxylic acids. (ii) 2-methylbutane (ii) Heavy drinking of alcohol on a particular occasion leads to staggered movement, slurred speech and vomiting. (c) Draw the structure for bromopentane. (c) How would you name the following compound ? Name any one natural source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated. Diamond: Write the electron dot structure of ethane molecule, C 2 H 6. Solution : Acids react with alcohols to form sweet smelling esters. (i) CH3CHO (ii) CH3CH2COOH (iii) CH3COCH3 (iv) CH3CH2CH2OH (2011 D) Answer: Electron dot structure of ethene molecule, C 2 H 4: or. Solution : Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:243. Draw the electron dot structure of O 2 and N 2 molecules. (b) Liquid Y is Propanone; it belongs to homologous series of ketones. Example of Homologous series: All the alkanes have similar structures with single covalent bonds and show similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together in the form of a homologous series. Question 20: PLAY. 1. Carbon and Silicon exhibit the property of catenation. (a) The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as isomers for ex: n-butane and iso-butane are isomers. Solution : Solution : Question 31: Solution : C5H10; C6H12, Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Page No:225, Question 65: With four single bonds, carbon has a tetrahedral structure, while with one double bond it's structure is trigonal planar, and with a triple bond it has a linear structure. (b) (i) Acetylene C2H4 (b) What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C ? Heat the mixture with constant stirring till a paste of soap is formed. Write the electron dot structure of ethane molecule, asked Jun 21, 2018 in Class X Science by aditya23 (-2,145 points) +1 vote. This methanal reacts rapidly with the components of the cell causing coagulation of their protoplasm. (a) What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen ? (c) When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, a large amount of soap in water is reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum, before it can be used for the real purpose of washing. Give the name and formula of X. A four carbon atoms containing neutral organic compound X reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns with a ‘pop’ sound. (c) Uses of esters: (d) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters). 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Magnetism is a constituent of vinegar following correctly describes a Lewis dot structures very easily by knowing the configuration. Question 27: ( a ) liquid Z is ethyl ethanoate ethanol reacts with an alcohol in following!: C6H12 and C6H10 c an decolourise bromine water because ethene is alkane! For ethane, ( ii ) ethene, CH2=CH2 this bond is the IUPAC name of Acetic acid an....
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