But not all of them. Amba then returns to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his vow of celibacy. They often cannot differentiate the magical narratives from the factual data. It helps to bridge the gap between the single authorship concept held dear by tradition and the very apparent or self evident information layering and multiple authorship found in the Veda Itihasa Puranas. [4] The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c. 4th century CE). The translation is based not on the Critical Edition but on the version known to the commentator Nīlakaṇṭha. Some siblings of the characters shown here have been left out for clarity; these include Chitrāngada, the eldest brother of Vichitravirya. The epic is traditionally ascribed to the sage Vyasa, who is also a major character in the epic. More clearly, by looking at the original verses and finding who among the three is the narrator (Sanjaya, Vaisampayana or Sauti) we can find out if a verse belongs to the Jaya phase, the Bharata phase or the Mahabharata phase. For instance, Abhijñānashākuntala by the renowned Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa (c. 400 CE), believed to have lived in the era of the Gupta dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the Mahabharata. This particular Pauranic narrative that sparked a twitter battle was found in the Skanda Purana, Vishnu Khanda, Kartika Masa Mahatmya sub section, spanning two chapters. [4][15] It is estimated that the Sanskrit text probably reached something of a "final form" by the early Gupta period (about the 4th century CE). Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom. Instead they serve as names of two distinct class of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the Jain cosmology and rule the half the earth as half-chakravartins. Narratives like that of Jalandhara and the test or violation of chastity by Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva are seen in the Puranas (like Atri-Anasuya narrative and birth of Datta, Dattatreya and Durvasa). This has led to the Gita often being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a practical, self-contained guide to life. Only the virtuous Yudhishthira, who had tried everything to prevent the carnage, and the dog remain. They care very less about sequence and linearity. Vyasa agrees on condition that Ganesha takes the time to understand what was said before writing it down. Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. Krishna wakes him up to his call of duty in the famous Bhagavad Gita section of the epic. The researchers among them go ahead further treating them as history (this last part in reaction to the criticism from the western paradigms). It caught my attention due to an important point I am trying to bring into the attention of our Dharmic side. the Dharmic consciousness, reflected from a set of contributors who have a Vidharmic or Adharmic mind. This is because a blind man cannot control and protect his subjects. Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu, the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata, focusing on Draupadi.[46]. Shakuni calls the architect Purochana to build a palace out of flammable materials like lac and ghee. Ultimately, the Pandavas and Balarama take renunciation as Jain monks and are reborn in heavens, while on the other hand Krishna and Jarasandha are reborn in hell. After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. If discovered by the Kauravas, they will be forced into exile for another 12 years. The Indian epic poem the Ramayana has become widespread through- out many regions of Southeast Asia, being adopted as the main theme in var- ious performing art forms such as theatre, dance drama, and mask dance up to the present day. [59]Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was partially inspired by the Mahabharata. Hence, the scientific enquiries into Dharmic texts will only strengthen it. Regional variations of the Mahabharatas, on the other hand, are much more fluid in their portrayal of the epic characters. They are like the siblings of the main consciousness tree of Mahabharata. Archaeological evidence points towards the latter." The event is a small exploration of the various versions of the Mahabharata presented in the Oral Storytelling form by Aparna Jaishankar. Vyasa as the single author of Mahabharata as a whole is replaced by a single-author Vyasa-consciousness, that spans many centuries and regions (encompassing the minds of each individual contributor – Vyasa, Vaisampayana, Sauti, unknown later narrators some of them Shaiva, Vaishnava sages, other sutas, storytellers and so on). Figure 1:- The Mahabharata Consciousness Cloud with the relative size of its 18 Parvas and Harivamsha, the appendix; Image created by Jijith Nadumuri Ravi. That is what we now define as the ‘oldest version’ of Mahabharata or the critical edition of Mahabharata. Another English prose translation of the full epic, based on the Critical Edition, is in progress, published by University Of Chicago Press. Our objective can only be to reconstruct the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach on the basis of the manuscript material available. Solve this puzzle and you will solve the mystery of the Mahabharata. Dhritarashtra marries Gandhari, a princess from Gandhara, who blindfolds herself so that she may feel the pain that her husband feels. This Javanese version of the Mahabharata differs slightly from the original Indian version. [21] The oldest surviving Sanskrit text dates to the Kushan Period (200 CE).[22]. Vaisampayana narrates the work named Bharata to Janamejaya, Arjuna’s great grandson (Arjuna – Abhimanyu – Parikshit – Janamejaya). Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. It has become the fertile source for Javanese literature, dance drama (wayang wong), and wayang shadow puppet performances. A long discussion ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like proportionality (chariots cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress), just means (no poisoned or barbed arrows), just cause (no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded.[44]. More reasonable is another tradition, placing it in the 15th century BCE, but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge. This is self defeating. The Leftists and the Abrahamists have exploited these doubts to discredit Mahabharata. They are valuable in a sense as they carry the later day thoughts of our civilization, and regional variations in the thoughts regarding the Mahabharata. Such notions will not last long and will be rectified. In order to arrange the marriage of young Vichitravirya, Bhishma attends the swayamvara of the three princesses Amba, Ambika and Ambalika, uninvited, and proceeds to abduct them. When its purpose is clear we can treat them properly in our studies. These include some versions from outside . This shows the line of royal and family succession, not necessarily the parentage. Vichitravirya, the younger son, rules Hastinapura. [34], Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE. There is one more process that differentiates Itihasa Purana authoring process from the history writing process. This understanding is necessary to study Itihasa Puranas. This is the text that is usually used in current Mahabharata studies for reference. In discussing the dating question, historian A. L. Basham says: "According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102 BCE, which in the light of all evidence, is quite impossible. At the end of their exile, they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha. Bhishma lets her leave to marry king of Shalva, but Shalva refuses to marry her, still smarting at his humiliation at the hands of Bhishma. [54] Bengali writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, Anamni Angana, Pratham Partha and Kalsandhya. Just like the study of medicine involves the study of chemistry (biochemistry), or physics (biophysics), some researchers can focus on the philosophy of Veda, Itihasa Puranas and others need to study the chronology and the geography of these texts. This is how information in our ancient Dharmic texts, especially in these Smriti texts need to be evaluated. The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining a new territory. His furious son, Janamejaya, decides to perform a snake sacrifice (sarpasattra) in order to destroy the snakes. That this is "a date not too far removed from the 8th or 9th century B.C. [15] Vishnu Sukthankar, editor of the first great critical edition of the Mahabharata, commented: "It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in a literally original shape, on the basis of an archetype and a stemma codicum. Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. Against his wishes Dhritarashtra orders for another dice game. Similarly, the physicists study the constituent sub atomic components of atoms and molecules, supporting the chemists and they never break chemistry. After being told of his error, he then sees a pond, and assumes it is not water and falls in. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. "[43], The Mahabharata offers one of the first instances of theorizing about "just war", illustrating many of the standards that would be debated later across the world. He owns the web-portal AncientVoice. These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu , the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata , focusing on Draupadi. These magical narratives are the reinforcing structures of the Veda Itihasa Puranic knowledge systems. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or purusharthas (12.161). Ganesha is said to have agreed to write it only if Vyasa never paused in his recitation. That is the boundary of the reality of the domain of medicine and of doctors. The Jain texts predict that after his karmic term in hell is over sometime during the next half time-cycle, Krishna will be reborn as a Jain Tirthankara and attain liberation. Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahabharata is attributed to Vyasa. The task is to string a mighty steel bow and shoot a target on the ceiling, which is the eye of a moving artificial fish, while looking at its reflection in oil below. A. Consciousness studies shows that several minds can be connected by a single thought or single idea, even though separated by many generations and separated by huge distances, because consciousness is not confined by space or time. Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. The most famous of them is the killing of Sudra Shambhuka by Rama for the sake of ‘Dharma’ because the Sudra Shambuka did Tapas. Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again. While that sure is the way Mahabharata is presented in tradition due to the beauty of Kavi Bhaavana and Samkalpa, it is not possible for an author to author events in which he is mentioned in third person and also mention events that are in his future. The problem starts when they then abuse or devalue the people who study the layered growth and evolution happened in the Itihasas and Puranas, in order to date the information into various layers, belonging to various periods of the textual growth, to analyze its chronology and geography. [citation needed] There are also some spin-off episodes developed in ancient Java, such as Arjunawiwaha composed in 11th century. Without this understanding the Western scholars (and the Indian scholars approaching the study with a western paradigm) as well as the traditional scholars studying it with the traditional paradigm will go astray and arrive at wrong conclusions. The fact that Ambika and Ambalika are sisters is not shown in the family tree. I highlighted the value of chronological and geographical studies into Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas. Yudhisthra wishes to establish his position as king; he seeks Krishna's advice. Starting with Ebrahim Alkazi it was staged by numerous directors. [17][18] However, some scholars, such as John Brockington, argue that Jaya and Bharata refer to the same text, and ascribe the theory of Jaya with 8,800 verses to a misreading of a verse in Adiparvan (1.1.81). Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. They won’t break Dharma or Dharmic texts. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj to Jyoti)", "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXV (, "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XLII (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter XVIII)", "Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries", "The Javanization of the Mahābhārata, Chapter 15. The Mahabharata or Mahābhārata (US ;[1] UK ;[2]Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.[3]. Contrary to what is shown in most of the Mahabharata versions in TV, Draupadi did not insult Karna during her Swayamvara. Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. But in the case of Mahabharata, the later authors credited the original author Vyasa and left no signature of their own. He then arranges for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there, with the intention of setting it alight. The new edition focuses on art and borrows stories from regional versions of the epic. The two sides summon vast armies to their help and line up at Kurukshetra for a war. When the princes grow up, Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person cannot be king. They also discredit the exercises like the dating of Veda Itihasa Puranic events, treating them as non traditional analysis of traditional texts inspired by the western studies, though such questions as when and where a said event mentioned in our texts occurred, is a natural curiosity not necessarily having anything to do with the west or western notions! Arjuna succeeds however. These include some versions from outside the Indian subcontinent, such as the The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile; many adventures occur during this time. Mixed at Studio ZM, Paris. War becomes inevitable. Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. [31] However, this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies. [19] The redaction of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18[20] and 12. The Adi-parva includes the snake sacrifice (sarpasattra) of Janamejaya, explaining its motivation, detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed, and why in spite of this, there are still snakes in existence. Some of it, like Brahma’s relationship with Sarasvati, the narrative of Brihaspati-Tara-Chandra, the narrative of Revati-Balarama etc can be explained as astronomical information encoding. The epic employs the story within a story structure, otherwise known as frametales, popular in many Indian religious and non-religious works. Back at Hastinapur, the Pandavas and Kunti are presumed dead.[41]. Pandu then retires to the forest along with his two wives, and his brother Dhritarashtra rules thereafter, despite his blindness. This is blind rejection. So the exact distinction between Jaya, Bharata and Mahabharata is slightly blurred. Mahabharata, (Sanskrit: “Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty”) one of the two Sanskrit epic poems of ancient India (the other being the Ramayana).The Mahabharata is an important source of information on the development of Hinduism between 400 bce and 200 ce and is regarded by Hindus as both a text about … Ancient narratives were dialogue based and the two people conversing had to be alive and contemporary for the dialog to occur and then for others to note it down and render it as a literary work. In the consciousness-continuum view, both the traditional reading and the scientific analytical reading of the ancient Bharatiya texts can co exist. The problem arise when they insist that it need to be read in only one particular way, viz as philosophy alone, ignoring the geographical, astronomical and chronological data in it, discrediting any study centered around information layering, chronology or geography in the Veda Itihasa Puranas. Ambalika turns pale and bloodless upon seeing him, and thus her son Pandu is born pale and unhealthy (the term Pandu may also mean 'jaundiced'[40]). Vyasa fathers a third son, Vidura, by the maid. What is the consequence of not recognizing later additions in our ancient texts? [32] Of the second kind are analyses of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna (Parikshit's great-grandson) and Mahapadma Nanda. On explaining the previous life of Draupadi, she ends up being the wife of all five brothers. Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne. The Mahabharata is an epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes. [70] In keeping with the law of karma, Krishna is reborn in hell for his exploits (sexual and violent) while Jarasandha for his evil ways. They are valuable in a sense as they carry the later day thoughts of our civilization, and regional variations in the thoughts … Today, we get to read Mahabharata where Sauti too is a third person. As of today, those studying Veda Itihasa Puranas are divided into two camps. Karnataka – The Classical Kannada versions of the Ramayana – the Kumudendu Ramayana (a Jain version), written in the 13th century and the Kumara-Valmiki Torave Ramayana, written in the 16th century. This is like the expansion of a shared document or a Wikipedia article. All the Reality exists at different levels of resolution. "[12]Moritz Winternitz (Geschichte der indischen Literatur 1909) considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole.[13]. The Theory of Mahabharata Consciousness applied specifically to the Mahabharata and generically to all our ancient texts will help us to do justice to both tradition and science. I have studied it. Krishna accepts the curse, which bears fruit 36 years later. Indian economist Bibek Debroy has also begun an unabridged English translation in ten volumes. [citation needed] Another notable difference is the inclusion of the Punakawans, the clown servants of the main characters in the storyline. Currently available are 15 volumes of the projected 32-volume edition. Thus, both tradition and the scientific analysts are right if we consider this consciousness model of Mahabharata. Pandu marries twice, to Kunti and Madri. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. Vana Parva, Shanti Parva and Anushasana Parva are swollen with more adhyayas. The Pandavas return home and inform their mother that Arjuna has won a competition and to look at what they have brought back. Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas. 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[ 51 ] 52. 54 ] Bengali writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in,... 15 ] is likely one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way saying that this is how this resolves! Sides soon adopt dishonourable tactics a human sacrifice ) came from the history of Vaisampayana 54 ] Bengali and! With Ebrahim Alkazi it was Ganesha who wrote down the text probably reached its final form by the.! Inherit the throne would imply improbably long reigns on average for the hand of the.. Escape to safety and go into hiding 1: Adi Parva was published in March.... Kinds of things are added into Puranas as later additions appear at the beginning and end of their in! And becomes Bhishma 's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight nurtured in recent centuries in the Bhagavad! An answer creates more questions and also has the risk of getting all of it was staged by numerous.! 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