They caused increasing involvement by Rome in Greek affairs and helped lead to Roman domination of the entire eastern Mediterranean area. It became the foremost center of the Greek army and weapons production. Omissions? Macedonian Wars, (3rd and 2nd centuries bc), four conflicts between the ancient Roman Republic and the kingdom of Macedonia. Macedonia (/ ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə / (); Ancient Greek: Μακεδονία), also called Macedon (/ ˈ m æ s ɪ d ɒ n /), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The Roman praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus crushed the rebellion with relative ease, and in 146 Macedonia was made a Roman province. The side which could outlast its enemy and stand up better to the noise, fear, and blood of combat would gain the victory. The cavalry was the Macedonian army’s decisive arm. Latin Wheelock group Jones, A. Macedonia, a small kingdom in northern Greece, established a growing empire from 359 B.C. Macedonian Wars, (3rd and 2nd centuries bc), four conflicts between the ancient Roman Republic and the kingdom of Macedonia. Perseus was taken back to Rome in chains, and Macedonia was broken up into four formally autonomous republics that were required to pay annual tribute to Rome. The kingdom was regularly shaken by civil wars between the king… Strassler, R. B. Rome subsequently established a benevolent protectorate over Greece. Philip’s forces were badly defeated by the Romans and their Greek allies in a battle at Cynoscephalae in 197. Alexander, born in 356BCE, was the son of Phillip II (382-336BCE), the King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Greek mercenaries were also used in the Macedonian expeditionary army; they were mostly employed for garrison duty in the conquered provinces but some served in the army. The Macedonian nobility and population measured their wealth in the number of horses and livestock, they owned. Pliny the Younger Letters Soldiers & Ghosts, Yale It was in fact the first province of the nascent Roman Empire. [8] Strassler, Thucydides Book 5.73 The Spartans were different: they were professionals, trained in arms and in maneuver. Rather, the Second Macedonian War (200–196) fits the long pattern of Roman readiness to go to war in order to force ever more distant neighbours to submit to superior Roman power.…, …the Romans in the Second Macedonian War (200–196), and Antiochus refused to help him. History >> Ancient Greece. Join these Forum discussions! The coalition army arranged one city’s phalanx next to its neighbor in one long line. At the highest levels it is quite well known; the same cannot be said of lesser ranks, but there are hints that suggest that, even at its lowest levels, it was as complex as the more powerful positions.… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Attic Greek ('Sophoi') In other words, each army drifted to the right as it advanced, allowing each stronger right wing to envelop the enemy’s weaker left wing, enabling it to attack the enemy’s open flank. The Greek World 479 – 322 B.C., Routledge Three great battles—Mantinea (418 BCE), Leuctra (371 BCE), and Gaugamela (331 BCE)—demonstrate the development of Greek and Macedonian warfare from the simple hoplite phalanx employed by Greek farmers defending their fields, into the powerful, tactically flexible army which allowed Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. Which of the following was NOT a reason why Macedonia conquered Greece? What did Alexander decide to do after he gained control of Greece? to 323 B.C. Philip’s son and successor, Perseus (reigned 179–168), began to make alliances with various Greek city-states and thus aroused the displeasure of Rome. The militia armies of citizen-solders were not highly trained, and had difficulty moving in any direction but forward. Corrections? https://www.britannica.com/event/Macedonian-Wars. Alexander the Great The golden age of Greece came to an end. This professionalism allowed their phalanx a degree of maneuverability which they put to good use at Mantinea. The Landmark Thucydides, Free Press Macedonia conquered all of Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. The Landmark Xenophon’s Hellenika, Pantheon Books, Location map: Google maps Although the phalanx was supported by lightly armed infantrymen fighting with javelins and bows and lightly armored cavalrymen with javelins, these troops did not play a decisive role in battle. Updates? Alexander, as many others, needed the support of his well-trained army in his conquests. fell into civil war that sapped their energies and resources. Maritime Vocabulary VI, Join or read notes from the study groups Some small mercenary cavalry even played an important role in the army. The Greek city-states after successfully warding off an imperial Persian conquest in the fifth century B.C. Large part of Alexander’s success was his army. The battle of Mantinea was fought between the Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta, and a coalition of Mantinea, Argos, Athens and some others. Eventually, one of the phalanxes would give way, and the other would chase the defeated enemy for only a short distance. Athens and Thebes. The Spartans fought alone without the help of Athens. Strassler, R. B. Iliad  translation Macedonia was a small kingdom to the north of Greece. Drag the events to the correct boxes. Innovations—improved catapults and siege machinery, as well as a new kind of infantry in which each soldier was equipped with an enormous pike known as a sarissa—placed his armies at the forefront of military technology. With Alexander the Great, Macedonia would come to conquer many lands and usher in the Hellenistic age in the region. Hanson, V. D. 2004. On the Spartan side, the six Spartan “regiments” were joined by their allies and more informal groups of Spartans in a matching line of phalanxes (see Mantinea map, ‘Stage One’). The Spartan army laid siege to the city of Athens. The Macedonians were asked to evacuate from the whole of Greece and withdrew to Macedonia by the Romans, and the Greek fought against the Macedonian army and its king Philip V until their final defeat (Polybius, Livy). It was created and made formidable by King Philip II of Macedon; previously the army of Macedon had been of little account in the politics of the Greek world, and Macedonia had been regarded as a second-rate power. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The training and professionalism of the Spartan regiments demonstrated their superiority over the citizen militia of the rest of Greece. As the two armies marched towards each other, the traditional right drift caused the Spartan’s right wing to extend beyond the coalition’s left. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Report an issue . Philip set out to conquer Greece. The infantry was composed of both hoplites and peltastai, or peltasts. These were relatively heavily armored horseman armed with a … [7] Strassler, Thucydides Book 5.71 No other hoplite army of that time would have been able to effect a change of front so efficiently and quickly, and turn a doubtful battle into a complete victory. 1989. SURVEY . Three great battles—Mantinea (418 BCE), Leuctra (371 BCE), and Gaugamela (331 BCE)—demonstrate the development of Greek and Macedonian warfare from the simple hoplite phalanx employed by Greek farmers defending their fields, into the powerful, tactically flexible army which allowed Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire. While Athens would become a naval power, Sparta easily emerged as the atypical military city, initiating a strict code of conduct with intense military training for every male citizen. In the early 7th century BCE the Macedonians, under their king Caranus, settled in the central part of the region and, in time, colonized to the north and south, dislocating the Thessalians and Illyrians who had been living there. After conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, the Macedonian king Alexander, launched a campaign into the Indian subcontinent in present-day Pakistan, part of which formed the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid Empire following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (late 6th century BC). Philip II. The Macedonian army was well-trained. Hornblower, S. 2008. 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